NATO

Eastern NATO members face substantive Russian anti-access capabilities, which limit the alliance's room to manoeuvre

Moscow presents itself as the innocent and injured party, making dialogue difficult

Russian planes are flying dangerously close to NATO ships and aircraft to scare them away from the Baltic states

Military action in Ukraine and Syria has shown Moscow's willingness and ability to use force for political ends.

The United States seeks to reverse years of troop drawdowns and base closures in Europe to bolster its credibility

Increased Russian submarine patrols have returned NATO's attention to the North Atlantic

Russia has submitted a claim to seabed beneath the North Pole, which will be considered by the United Nations

Troops practice combat alertness on Ukraine's border and off Russia's Black Sea coast